Subset Java omitting everything but classes. The type system and semantics of this language (and a corresponding abstract Machine JVM) are formalized in the theorem prover Isabelle/HOL.

Russia

Logic programming language with finite sets.

Pronounced "Tick-C". An extension of ANSI C that supports dynamic code generation.

USA

Beliefs adjusted by Data. Bayesian probability programming language.

Hull University and Durham University, UK

Early in-game scripting programming language, designed the computer game ZZT. The name stands for ZZT Object Oriented Programming language.

USA

Extensible language.

Italy

Improved version of Cesil.

UK

ZX Cesil from Gilsoft (extended) for the Sinclair ZX.

UK

Named for Konrad Zuse, the designer of the first modern programming language Plankalkul.. A descendant of Ada, Modula-2, Mesa and Oberon-1 supporting several levels of information hiding.

Luth University, Sweden

Geac. [?] A low-level Awk?

Sh with list processing and database enhancements.

Princeton University, USA

Based on CERN Autocode.

CERN, Switzerland

Integration of ZQL and C++.

USA

Zeitgest Query Language. Querying language for Texas Instruments Zeitgest OODBMS.

Texas Instruments, USA

Array programming language designed for efficient parallel implementation. It is used for scientific computations.

University of Washington, USA

Programming language created for use on Geac mainframe computer systems used in libraries and banking institutions. It had similarities to C and Pascal. ZOPL is still in use at CGI Group (formerly known as RealTime Datapro), who ported it to VAX/VMS and Unix in the 1980s, and to Windows in 1998.

Geac Computer Corporation, USA

?

Programming language along the Oberon, Modula, and Pascal language line.

ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland

New version of Smalltalk that is currently in development. Zoku is being built as a collaborative system. It is the Japanese word for "group, family or tribe".

General purpose object oriented programming language. The syntax strongly resembles the C programming language while the data model is closer to that of Python and Smalltalk.

Parallel language at Lawrence Livermore?

Lawrence Livermore Lab., USA

Special optimised CAML dialect, forerunner of CAML Light.

France

Experimental programming language.

Netherlands

Zork Implementation Language. Language used by Infocom's Interactive Fiction adventure games. Interpreted by the zmachine, for Unix and Amiga.

Infocom, USA

Micro and mini computers language.

Dowty Electronics, UK

Z-80 Industrial Basic Language. Embedded BASIC subset for Dynabyte Z80s.

USA

RASS on a Z-50 chip. GRASS system rewritten for Bally BASIC home computer. First home animation machine, put interactive animation into the homes of artists.

Electronic Visualization Laboratory, University of Illinois, USA

Basic developed for Windows and Pocket PC.

KRMicros (Kronos Robotics), USA

Maclisp dialect used on the LISP Machine. The many extensions to Maclisp include vectors, closures, flavors, stack groups, locatives and invisible pointers.

USA

Object oriented extension of Z.

UK

Object oriented extension of Z.

UK

High-level programming language. Imperative procedural programming language designed to be easy to learn and user friendly. Zeno is generic in the sense that it contains most of the essential elements used in other languages to develop real applications.

USA

Euclid with asynchronous message-passing.

University of Rochester, New York, USA

Computer language for creating MIDI data.

Zel Software, USA

Object-oriented data base programming language.

USA

Eh, with types added. Similar to C. Implementation language for the Thoth realtime operating system. Added a few simple types for greater efficiency on byte-addressed machines. String constants in case statements. Enforces the naming convention: MANIFESTS, Externals and locals.

University of Waterloo, Canada

Intermediate language.

Hybrid of CCS and Z.

York University, UK

Visual Basic subset dialect for ZX microcontrollers with support for multitasking.

Elba Corp., USA

Zedcor Zbasic. Versions were made for Apple, DOS, Macintosh CP/M and TRS-80 computers. In 1991, 32 Bit Software Inc. (Dallas, Texas) bought the DOS version and expanded it. Zedcor concentrated on the Apple Mac market and renamed it FutureBASIC. ZBasic was very fast, efficient and advanced, with BCD math precision up to 54 digits.

Zedcor (Tucson, Arizona), USA

BASIC.

USA

Animation generation language.

University of Toronto, Canada

Language for expressing transformational developments.

NC language.

USA

High level macro compiler for Zuse Z22.

Germany

Basic for z-80, suitable for Sharp Wizard.

?

USA

?

Object-oriented extension of Z.

UK

Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell and as a powerful command interpreter for shell scripting. Zsh can be thought of as an extended Bourne shell with a large number of improvements, including some features of bash, ksh, and tcsh.

Visual specification of programs like UML.

France

Stack-based, complex arithmetic simulation language.

Apple Inc., USA

("zed"). Specification language based on axiomatic set theory and first order predicate logic. Uses many non-ASCII symbols.

Programming Research Group, Oxford University, UK

("EU 2"). 2nd generation EULisp.

UK

Non-procedural language for formalising DP problems.

USA

Interpreted block-structured language intended for data analysis and data graphics. It is designed to be easy to use, but scalable to very large datasets and very complex computations.

Lawrence Livermore Lab., USA

Scripting language and interpreter written in pure Java. The language itself resembles a bit of both Java's and/or C's syntax, but is much more usable for scripting.

AT&T, USA

Yet Oneother Document Language. A m4 like macro language with various possible output formats for the macros.

USA

Variant of Xlisp for the HP-95LX palmtop.

Hewlett-Packard, USA

Yorktown Formatting Language.

USA

ML style functional programming language that runs on the JVM.

Linear Logic Programming Language featuring an extension of Lafont's interaction nets to the additive case.

Japan

Yorktown Expert System/Language One (Yorktown is where the work was done). Dialect of PL/I for expert-system design, part of YES/VMS framework.

IBM, USA

Named for Yerkes Observatory. A public domain reincarnation of Neon. OOL based on a FORTH kernel with some major modifications. Originally known as NEON.

Kriya Systems, USA

Also MIT Yellow Brick Logo and MIT YBL. Logo for the Lego Brick.

MIT, USA

Language proposed to meet the Ironman requirements which led to Ada.

Stanford SRI, USA

See HotPaw Basic.

Yet Another Yacc. Extension of Yacc with LALR parsing.

Yet Another Scheme Object System. A very simple OOP system.

Apple Inc., USA

Yet another Ruby VM is a bytecode interpreter that was developed for the Ruby programming language. The goal of the project was to greatly reduce the execution time of Ruby programs.

Japan

Yet Another Production System?. Commercial production rule language, simpler than OPS5. Allows knowledge bases to be attached to instances of CLOS objects.

College Park Software, USA

Open source, high-performance implementation of the Prolog programming language.

LIACC/Universidade do Porto, Portugal

Yet Another Object-Oriented Program in Forth. Object oriented FORTH.

Flowchart language.

Russia

Yet Another Low Level Language. A microprogramming language resembling conventional assembly language.

UC Berkeley, USA

Yale implementation of Haskell.

University of Yale, USA

Very clearly structured and modularized, object-oriented programming-language. It inherits features from Algol, Eiffel, Modula, Ada, C and C++.

PHIDANI Software sprl, Belgium

Object Oriented yacc.

USA

Yet Another Compiler Compiler. Language used by the Yacc LALR parser generator.

Bell Labs, USA

Yet Another Computer Algebra System. Open source general purpose computer algebra system with a pleasant syntax.

Small interpreter. (GPL) (Unix, Linux, Windows and PlayStation 2).

Germany

Adaptation of Yabasic that enables the creation of graphical programs using the BeOS API. (BeOS, Zeta, HaikuOS).

Yet Another Application Framework. A C++ framework or library which is designed to facilitate creating cross-platform applications which can be compiled and run under Microsoft Windows, Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X under Carbon, and X Window on Linux.

Yet Another Assembler. Macro assembler for GCOS 8 and Mark III on Bull DPS-8 machines.

BULL, France

Evolution of Y.

France

General purpose language syntactically like RATFOR, semantically like C. Lacks structures and pointers. Used as a source language for the Davidson/Fraser peephole optimizer.

University of Arizona, USA

Temporal logic programming language - programs consist of a conjunction of transitions.

China

Problem-oriented language for calculating trajectories.

Boeing Company, USA

eXtensible Value Resolution Language. Enables XML authors to refer to external and dynamic data in their XML documents.

International

Lightweight XML query language for modifying XML data.

Graphical user interface language derivative of XML for standalone applications.

Mozilla, International

eXtensible forTRAN. Interactive extensible dialect of FORTRAN.

IBM, USA

Created to replace Java, makes improvements, such as removing  semicolons, a powerful switch as in Scriptol. Compiles to JVM bytecode.

Eclipse Foundation, International

Statistical language written in Dystal 2.

USA

Basic-like language for DOS and Windows. XST is an interpreter but its sources may be converted to C with an utility provided and compiled to stand alone EXEs.

OO Query language in UniSQL.

USA

Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations. Declarative, XML-based language used for the transformation of XML documents.

W3C, International

Corporate financial model development language.

Extensible Scientific Interchange Language) is an XML-based transport language for scientific data, supporting the inclusion of both in-file data and metadata. The language comes with an extensible Java object model. BFD is an XML dialect based on XSIL.

Caltech, USA

Scheme with object-oriented extensions. Source in C. Versions for PC, Macintosh, Atari, Amiga.

Stanford, USA

Deductive logic database, based on Prolog, running on WAM.

UK

?

Extension to W-Prolog (arithmetic, assert/retract, cut, OR, IF, Sequences).

Canada

Basic-like language with the syntax of Basic, the file handling of Pascal, functions that remind you of C and the database capabilities of Dbase III.

Germany

Advanced modelling language. Replacement for MPSX.

USA

eXPander and Optimizer. Extensible macro assembly language with user-redefinable grammar, for use with FAP.

USA

Essentially a cross between Pascal and C. It looks somewhat like Pascal but works more like C. XPL0 is based on PL/0.

USA

Small dialect of PL/I used for compiler writing. One-dimensional arrays. I/O achieved with character pseudo-variable INPUT and OUTPUT, e.g. OUTPUT = 'This is a line'; Inline machine code.

University of Stanford, USA

Lambda with RE.

Japan

eXplicitly Parallel C. Dialect of Parallel C which is mode independent, i.e. efficiently compilable to both SIMD and MIMD architectures.

USA

Extended Object Tcl is an object-oriented scripting language based on Tcl. It is an extension of the MIT Otcl.

WU-Wien, Austria

Xilinx Netlist Format. Language for electronic circuit design.

Xilinx, Inc., USA

Explicit multi-threading C. Shared-memory parallel programming language. It is an extension of the C programming language which strives to enable easy PRAM-like programming based on the explicit multi-threading paradigm.

University of Maryland, USA

eXtensible Markup Language. Successor for SGML like HTML but more generic, it incorporates data inside tags themselves and has unlimited description capacities.

International

Externsions to XLisp for statistics.

University of Minnesota, USA

OO extension of XLISP used in the WINTERP OSF/Motif Widget interpreter.

USA

Evolution of XLISP.

USA

Evolution of XLISP.

USA

eXperimental LISP. LISP variant with object-oriented extensions. Version 2.1 is closer to Common Lisp. Xlisp is a dialect of Lisp; it is basically a free edition of Common Lisp with object-oriented extensions.

Apple Inc., USA

Tuple language used as the intermediate form in the code generator generator XGEN.

USA

Implements concept programming.

eXtended Instruction Language. Assembler for UNIVAC I.

USA

Page description language.

Xerox Corp., USA

VLSI design language.

eXtensible HyperText Markup Language. Profondeur d'expression de HTML avec la structure de XML.

eXtensible Graph Markup and Modeling Language. XML application based on GML which is used for graph description.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), USA

Code generator generator for knowledge-based languages.

USA

Cross between SML and Russell, intended for computer algebra.

INRIA, France

Web graphical interactive user interface.

ICL's Decision Table system.

ICL Ltd., UK

Esoteric programming language.xEec has a set of 9 instructions.

Brazil

Variant on CLU for embedded Expert Systems, part of the ExBed project.

Helsinki University of Technology, Finland

Typed programming language that is specifically designed for processing XML data.

Japan

Object-oriented extension to CCITT's SDL.

Chinese machine independant HLL.

China

eXperimental Concurrent Programming Language.

USA

Optimising XPL compiler (version 1). Ported to IBM System 370. The compiler is written in XPL. The code generators are machine-specific.

Australia

Simulation language.

X-interactive console for the Giac library - used for interactive calculation.

Declarative extension of C++.

Finland

Open Source-compiler with integrated editor. Combines C and BASIC (For Windows & Linux).

eXtensible (Xenogamus) Bindings Language. For widget creating in Xml based languages.

W3C, International

XML Bookmark Exchange Language. Open XML standard for sharing Internet URIs, also known as bookmarks (or favorites in Internet Explorer).

Extended BASIC compiler for the Sharp MZ-700/MZ-800

Germany

Open Source compiler with a GUI designer (Windows, Linux).

eXtended BASIC. An extension of BASIC, including matrix operations and Algol-like procedures. For the Univac 1108.

Clipper database scripting.

USA

Object oriented programming language which has multiple inheritance and polymorphism. It is based on the XBase language dialect and conventions.

Alaska Software, USA

Generic term for the dBASE family of languages. Coined in response to threatened litigation over use of the trademark .

USA

Open source implementation of the language AsmL.

Germany

eXtensible Application Markup Language. (.Net and Java).

Microsoft, USA

Architecture Design Language. c2 ADL in XML.

USA

X (= any computer) Automatic Code Translation. Transportable autocode.

USA

Basic interpreter with full X graphic capability supporting GFA-Basic ATARI-ST syntax (GPL'd source). For UNIX workstations, CygWin, Linux-PCs andX Window system.

Germany

IBM high productivity HPC language.

IBM, USA

Dijkstra's Algol 60 for the X1 computer at the Mathemetical Centre.

Netherlands

BASIC for the AS/400. Allows BBx, T-Bred, MAI, PLUTO and Prime BP-99 basic to run on the AS/400.

Southwest Data Systems, USA

eXtended-Klaim. Language for organising mobile agents and their interaction strategies.

Italy

Object-oriented framework for the implementation of communication protocols.

University of Arizona, USA

BASIC-like programming language for Sharp's X68000 included in Human68K.

Sharp, Japan

Assembly for UNIVAC card and tape system.

Remington-RAND, USA

UNIVAC I/II assembler.

Remington-RAND, USA

Experimental Assembler For Univac II.

Remington-RAND, USA

Unnamed Interactive graphics language, influencial in development of definitive scripts (MWDS).

APL with Dijkstra's structures.

University of Wyoming, USA

Open source GPL interpreter based on the platform independent wxWidgets toolkit library. For Linux, Mac OS X (proposed) and Windows.

GTE Laboratories, USA

Tcl implementation of Linda paradigm for web-coordination.

GTE Laboratories , USA

W(virtual)Script is a virtual scripting language based on XML. Also a Speech Recognition product from IBM, WVS or WebSphere Voice Server provides ASR (Automatic Speech Recognition) and TTS (Text to Speech) functions for solutions supporting MRCP or Media Resource Control Protocol.

IBM, USA

Web Service Modeling Language. Provides a formal syntax and semantics for the Web Service Modeling Ontology WSMO.

W3C, International

Wide Spectrum Language. Designed for re-engineering legacy software.

Durham University, UK

Waterloo Systems Language. A C-like systems programming language.

Canada

Which Stands For Nothing. Beginner's language with emphasis on graphics, for Atari home computers. Version: Advanced WSFN.

Atari, USA

Web Services Endpoint Language (WSEL) was an XML format proposed by IBM for the description of non-operational characteristics of service endpoints, such as quality-of-service, cost, or security properties. It never gained wide acceptance.

IBM, USA

Waterloo Script renamed.

Canada

Weak second-order monadic logic of one successor.

CAI language.

CAI language, for IBM 360.

USA

Lightweight, object-oriented programming language designed to be an easily-embeddable scripting language. By the creator of Finch and Magpie languages.

Wayne Remote Access Processor. Command language for the remote system.

WonderPop. Implementation of POP for the PDP-10 that used cages for different data types.

Edinburgh University, UK

Word-oriented language internal to PRODOS Applewriter 2.1. Available on GEnie.

USA

Word Processing Language. Apple IIe scripting language for Applewriter Iie.

USA

Waterloo PASCAL.

University of Waterloo, Canada

Object-oriented, Rule-oriented and Logic-oriented Knowledge System/Language with Multiple Viewed-worlds Mechanism.

Japan

Programming language used within workflow activity hooks of the Workflow Management System (WfMS). It is a variant of EBSL.

Ellucian, USA

Paper HL Machine language for a machine of fixed word length.

Dialect of Basic used as the extension language for the popular Microsoft Word program, versions 2 through 7. Superseded by VBA.

Interactive non-numeric algebraic system.

USA

Version 2 of WOOL, the Lisp for window management.

France

Workflow programming Language.

Window Object Oriented Language. Small Common Lisp-like extension language. Claims to be the fastest interpreted language in C with run-time types. Version 1 used by the GWM window manager.

INRIA, France

Second of the series of DoD requirements that led to Ada.

USA

Image description/manipulation language.

Duke University, USA

High level interpreter at Bell labs for 650.

Bell Labs, USA

Interpretation system for the Labanotation system of choreography.

Simon Fraser University, USA

Language for Database Transformations and Constraints.

Dialect of JavaScript used for WML pages and is part of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP).

Integrated 4GL. The WLanguage functions allow you to create processes for each project, window, page and control. Used to target a wide range of platforms: Windows, Linux, .Net, Java, Mac, Internet, Intranet, Tablet, Smartphone, Windows 8 RT, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone, Android, iOS iPhone/iPad.

PC SOFT

Compiler compiler for GE-25.

USA

?

Lehigh University, USA

General Electric autocode.

General Electric, USA

Wittman-lngerman Tthreshold Selection.

?

Simulation language.

BASIC written in WISP.

University of Colorado, USA

Macro-based list processing language. A very simple list processing language based on LISP.

UK

Computer aided instruction language.

ASCII character port of the NU Algol for the UNIVAC.

USA

Open-source programming framework for microcontrollers. C-like language dedicated to electronics.

Spain

?

Third-party macro language based on Visual Basic used with programmes of various types which its vendor touts as an alternative to ActiveX (e.g. VBScript, JScript, PerlScript, Rexx-based WSH engines and others), Visual Basic for Applications, and VSTA for this purpose. The WWB software package is used in conjunction with Microsoft development tools including Visual Studio, Visual Studio.NET, and the ActiveX scripting engines.

Polar Engineering and Consulting, USA

Widget Interpreter. Engine for OSF/MOTIF. Event-driven version of Betz/Almy/Tiernay et al's XLISP-PLUS0.

USA

6800 BASIC interpreter optimized for industrial applications.

Wintek, USA

STRUDL for Windows.

USA

Visual language.

Language for automated time-dependent decision-making during patient monitoring .

Denmark

Graphical Monte Carlo simulation system.

Canada

Microsoft's task automation framework, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language built on top of, and integrated with the .NET Framework. PowerShell provides full access to COM and WMI, enabling administrators to perform administrative tasks on both local and remote Windows systems. Replacing the Microsoft Command Shell (MSH).

Microsoft, USA

Integrated development environment (IDE) fourth generation language (4GL which is based upon a run-time engine (framework). It uses a 4GL known as WLanguage. The tools enables a predetermined set of standard forms and algorithms to be used in an automated fashion to generate applications (RAD). The source code is precompiled and interpreted at run time like Visual Basic, Java or C#. This makes the executable program independent from the operating system and allows dy

PC SOFT, France

Scripting language for Windows.

Wilson WindowWare, USA

Proto-index register for the Manchester Computer.

UK

Extensions to LIFE to allow accumulators to have scope and to be composed.

Belgium

Esoteric programming language very similar to Malbolge.

WIsconsin Discrete Event Simulation. Simulation language.

USA

Computer aided instruction language.

Actually a joke, an "esoteric" programming language, but with a real interpreter!

University of Durham, UK

Implementation of Curry's system for the White Oak IBM 650 computer.

USA

Autocode for MIT Whirlwind.

MIT Project Whirlwind, USA

Word-based Heterogeneous Information Representation Language.

ATT Shannon Labs, USA

Hybrid programming language with extended static checking.

UK

Multiple-agent game-theoretical programming language.

Implementation of Algol 60. Much studied implementation.

EEL Whetstone, UK

Simple C-like language which has no sense of urgency.The code is not necessarily executed sequentially.

Paedogogical Linear programming system.

University of Houston, USA

Work Flow Language. A job control language for the B6700/B7700 under MCP. WFL was a compiled block-structured language similar to ALGOL-60, with subroutines and nested begin-end's.

Burroughs, USA

Well structured fortran.

Japan

POL writing system.

USA

LISP with extra descriptor content.

France

IO for the WEIZAC. Derived from Illiac Initial orders and based on EDSAC initial orders.

USA

String manipulation extensions to Algol 60.

National Bureau of Standards, USA

Intermediate language.

USA

Compaq web language. Similar in style to Pascal.

Compaq, USA

Server-side scripting, interpreted language with an embedded database system, specifically designed for the World Wide Web. Its primary use is in creating database-driven dynamic web page applications.

WebDNA Software Corp., USA

Knuth's self-documenting brand of programming, with algorithms and documentation intermixed in one file. They can be separated using Weave and Tangle. Versions exist for Pascal, C etc. Spiderweb can be used to create versions for other languages.

University of Illinois, USA

Web Distributed Data eXchange) is a programming language-, platform- and transport-neutral data interchange mechanism to pass data between different environments and different computers.

Allaire Corp., USA

Database language.

CLX optimised for multiple programs.

USA

Robotics language.

Stanford SRI, USA

Waterloo FORTRAN 77.

Canada

WATerloo FORtran. Student-friendly variant of FORTRAN.

University of Waterloo, Canada

WATFIV with structuring facilities.

Canada

WATerloo Fortran IV. Student-friendly variant of FORTRAN IV.

University of Waterloo, Canada

Interactive BASIC language interpreter wich extend the ANS BASIC:

Waterloo Computing Systems Ltd., UK

LISP 1.5 as implemented at Waterloo.

University of Waterloo, Canada

Waterloo implementation of Clocksin and Mellish Prolog.

University of Waterloo, Canada

New general-purpose programming language built from the ground up to natively support XML web services. Its syntax is based on XML, it is fully object-oriented, and it is flexible enough to be used at any or all tiers of an application, including the data level, the business logic, and the presentation level.

BASIC Dialect.

Watcom Products, Canada

WATerloo COBOL, for MVS.

University of Waterloo, Canada

Language for the monitoring of hypertensive patients.

Germany

Metalanguage.

Japan

Functional dialect with features such as closures, continuations and first order functions, created as an in-house web applications development platform. Not released to public, but often features in the influential blog of Joel Spolsky, Fog Creek founder and CEO.

Fog Creek Software, USA

Experimental, dynamic, batshit-liberal language designed for small teams of intrinsically-motivated programmers. Wart is based on Lisp.

Intermediate language for compiled Prolog, used by the Warren Abstract Machine.

USA

CNC language.

Boeing Company, USA

Teaching language for Japanese universities.

Japan

WArwick Functional Language. LISP-like.

Warwick University, UK

Complete high level language processor that fits in less than 256 bytes on either a 6800 or 8080 based system. The object of WADU ZITDO is to run simple conversational programs.

USA

Systolic array parallel language for the CMU Warp Machine. Individual cells programmed.

USA

Simple Prolog dialect in Java.

MU and RMIT, Australia

?

Full-featured VMS/BASIC to ANSI C Compiler/Transpiler®. VX/BASIC allows VMS/BASIC source code to be compiled on multiple host machines.

Sector7, USA

Commands added to dBase to accommodate the video screen interface as well as commands for improved control of flow (such as DO WHILE/ENDDO) and conditional logic (such as IF/ENDIF).

dBASE-like interpreter and compiler sold with Emerald Bay product, renamed Vulcan (after the original JPL db language).

RSPI, USA

Concurrent object orientation and logic programming. An object-oriented preprocessor for FCP.

Xerox PARC, USA

Data querying language, works with VPREP.

University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

CP/M port of JPLDIS which evolved into dBASE II.

JPL, USA

String manipulation language.

USA

Dataflow language.

Université Paris VI, France

Visual Tool Markup Language, a user interface markup language used by Macromedia HomeSite, ColdFusion Studio and JRun Studio.

Very Simple Programming Language. A simple language designed as a way of testing language implementation tools.

Cambridge University, UK

Very Simple Prolog+. [?].

IBM COBOL compiler for IBM 3390 disk devices and mainframes.

IBM, USA

IBM COBOL compiler for IBM 3390 disk devices and mainframes.

IBM, USA

Pooled resources BASIC for IBM 370.

IBM, USA

Computer aided instruction language.

Virtual Reality Markup Language.

USA

Set of subroutines to do variable precision and rational arithmetic.

Bell Labs, USA

Hierarchical data specification language.

Visual Programming Language. Dataflow language for interactive image processing.

Very Portable C Compiler. C implementaiton on the RTL language for maximum portability - developed into gcc.

USA

Visual Pulsar Basic. BASIC interpreter and compiler.

Argentina

Visual parallel language.

University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Visual Object Query Language.

System by John von Neumann and Herman Goldstine.

USA

Voice Dialog Design Environment. Visual language.

Voice synthesis language.

USA

Microprogramming language with PL/I-like syntax, for an abstract micromachinee. The program is first translated into intermediate language, then compiled into the target microcode.

Virtual MIDI Machine.programming language that allows you to send and receive raw midi messages and has built-in libraries for higher level MIDI functions.

Belgium

VODAK Model Language. Language for extensible object-oriented database.

Virtual Machine Language. Target language for (eg) ILIAD.

Lisp dialect with a fast interpreter to a portable virtual machine. Introduced the "chronology", a dynamic enviroment for implementing interrupts. Led to Le_Lisp. (See ObjVlisp).

Université de Vincennes, France

Machine language for organic chemistry.

USA

Variable-valued Logic One (written VL1). Picture representation system.

University of Warshaw, Poland

Visual languages.

Visual language for specification and programming.

Numerical constraint-oriented language.

USA

Visual language. Introduced the concept of liveness, a measure of the degree to which visual representations are active during user interaction.

USA

Vast Integrated Test Applications Language. Avionics test language designed to run on the Varian R 622/1 after being implemented on a UNIVAC 1108 using FORTRAN.

Avionics, USA

Variably Initialized Translator for Algorithmic Languages. Semantics language using FSL (Formal Semantics Language). Used for the Lincoln Lab's GSS.

MIT, Lincoln Labs, USA

Visual language.

Commercial version of Smalltalk-80.

ParcPlace Systems, USA

Aborted non operational RAD system very similar to Visualbasic.

Basic-like compiler with a simple visual IDE working environment.

Spain

Basic in Visual Test.

Evolution of Turbo-prolog and PDC-Prolog.

Denmark

BASIC (Basis).

Basis International, France

Designed to automate some of the inner workings of occam to allow any user (novice or otherwise) the ability to create complex networks of communicating processes through easy to understand user interactions and interfaces.

University of Nevada, USA

Almost exclusively used to create database programs under Windows.

Similar to Visual Basic for Windows for the Macintosh.

Squirrel Software, USA

Development environment for, and stricter LISP dialect of AutoLISP.

USA

Visual FoxPro is a data-centric object-oriented and procedural programming language produced by Microsoft. It is derived from FoxPro (originally known as FoxBASE) which was developed by Fox Software.

Microsoft, USA

Extension of Eiffel with a GUI IDE and cross platform display.

SIG Computer GmbH, Germany

Interpreted programming language for Microsoft Windows. It can be used to create small, fast programs. VDS has a large number of dialog and graphical elements available to create professional looking programs. VDS programs have access to the Windows API; therefore, it is possible to write applications that can perform the same advanced tasks as other programming languages such as Visual Basic, C++, or Delphi.

JM-Tech, USA

4GL windows programming language, targeted at creating database and client-server type programs.

Data Access Worldwide of Miami, USA

Visual COBOL delivers the next generation of COBOL development and deployment. It brings the productivity of modern, industry-leading Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) to COBOL, including the ability to deploy key business-critical COBOL applications to Windows 7, .NET, JVM and the cloud.

Micro Focus IP Development Ltd., UK

Visual vesion of the Cesil language developped originally in Java.

USA

VB.NET. Object-oriented computer programming language that can be viewed as an evolution of the classic Visual Basic (VB), which is implemented on the .NET Framework.

Microsoft, USA

See VBScript.

See VBScript.

Visual basic for Microsoft Office on MS Windows and Apple Macintosh. See VBA.

Third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE). Visual Basic is designed to be relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA an

Microsoft, USA

Visual active rule language.

Iconic based querying language for OODB.

Case Western Reserve University, USA

Network database from RAIMA, much used in Norway and Denmark. Superceded by Raima Data Manager.

Norway

Visual block diagram language for simulation of dynamical systems and model based design of embedded systems.

Visual Solutions, USA

Auditing language.

Sterling, USA

New (CA) edition of QuikJob.

Sterling, USA

Auditing language.

USA

VISIble CALCulator. Spreadsheet programming language by Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston.

USA

Native x86 compiler for the Windows 32 platform. It is written in Visual Basic but compiles directly into machine code without the need of any runtime libraries or other dependencies.

Higher-order Functional Visual Programming Language.

Pascal-like with Prolog features, for Artificial Intelligence problem solving. Interpreter.

Dataflow programming environment.

USA

?

USA

Programming language and its compiler for Boolean systems or process control equations.

USA

Visual language.

A modified version of Bally's Expanded BASIC for the Bally Astrocade Viper extension.

USA

Visual language.

Visual Interactive Programming for BASIC (framework).

Mainstay, OmniUpdate, Inc., USA

BASIC for (RCA Cosmac ELF 1802).

RCA, USA

Visual programming language for plan execution systems.

View Interactive Programming. Visual programmign system for modelling physics problems.

Visual Interactive Programming. Dervied from the Sketchpad model, but more based on Kulsrud's general graphics language. Ran on CDC 6600 at LRL.

University of Toronto, USA

Variable Information Processing. US Navy irregular data processing language, developed for the Missle launch data set.

US Navy, USA

Cross-platform, open-source interpreter for microcomputer-era BASIC, written in Haskell.

Modified VAL.

Scripting language built into Vim. Based on the ex editor language of the original vi editor, early versions of Vim added commands for control flow and function definitions.

Uganda

BASIC programming language running on the Elektronika BK-0010-01/BK-0011M and UKNC computers.

VHDL Interface Format. Intermediate language used by the Vantage VHDL compiler.

USA

Smalltalk extension for computer algebra.

USA

Extension of Statecharts to deal with complex and large systems.

Persistent language and programming system that supports the concurrent execution of communicating processes and the computation of several alternative solutions by means of programmed backtracking.

Austria

Data- parallel extension of Fortran 77 for distributed memory multiprocessors.

University of Vienna, Austria

Language for formal definition via operational semantics. Used to specify the semantics of PL/I.

IBM Vienna Labs, Austria

Computer aided instruction language.

Visual programming system/language.

USA

Video Information Communication and Retrieval language. NASA image manipulation language.

NASA, USA

?

General Motor, USA

VHSIC Hardware Description Language. (VHSIC = Very High Speed Integrated Circuit) A large language with Ada-like syntax. The DoD standard for hardware description.

USA

Query language. [?].

?

Integrated data description language for coding design knowledge.

Evolution of VERS.

USA

Set-based algorithmic language. Generalised programming language.

USA

Hardware description language.

USA

Provable systems language. Descendant of Ottawa Euclid. Named for the Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901).

Canada

General-purpose active-database rule language embedded in C++.

Nonprocedural algebraic language.

Boeing Company, USA

Graphic dataflow languages.

Computer aided instruction language.

?

Strict evaluation LISPs. See LISP70.

USA

Visual Language for Human Communication in the Internet.

USA

C-like macro language for the text editor Vedit.

FORTRAN with array extensions.

IBM, USA

Revised PASCAL considerably influenced by "matrix languages", specially APL.

University of Glasgow, UK

Variant of C similar to ACTUS.

CMU, USA

Vector extensions to OPS-3.

USA

Higher-order functional language Vec for vectors and arrays.

Visual DialogScript. Batch/scripting language for Windows. Visual DialogScript is a complete development environment consisting of editor, debugger and tools for creating simple Windows batch files, automation scripts and utilities.

J M Technical Services, UK

Vienna Development Method Specification Language. (Also known as Meta-IV.) Model-oriented specification language, upon which the Vienna Development Method is based.

Austria

Object-oriented extension of VDM-SL.

Germany

Intermediate language used in the compilation of C+@.

USA

Intermediate language used in the compilation of NESL.

Macro language for portable C++.

USA

Visual Basic Scripting Edition. Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft that is modeled on Visual Basic. It is designed as a "œlightweight" language with a fast interpreter for use in a wide variety of Microsoft environments.

Microsoft, USA

See VBScript.

Visual Basic for Applications. Implementation of Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6 and its associated integrated development environment (IDE), which are built into most Microsoft Office applications. VBA enables building user defined functions, automating processes and accessing Windows API and other low-level functionality through dynamic-link libraries (DLLs).

Version 6 of VB, featured web support, windowless controls, designers, data sources.

Microsoft, USA

Version 5 of VB, featured native compiler, ActiveX controls.

Microsoft, USA

Version 4 of VB, featured classes, OCXs.

Microsoft, USA

Version 3 of VB, featured Access Engine, OLE 2.0, Crystal Reports, new tools and controls.

Microsoft, USA

Version 2 of VB, featured the ODBC, object variables.

Microsoft, USA

Visual BASIC for DOS.

Microsoft, USA

Visual Basic .NET. Object-oriented computer programming language that can be viewed as an evolution of the classic Visual Basic (VB), which is implemented on the .NET Framework.

Microsoft, USA

MACSYMA on the VAX.

USA

Computer aided instruction language.

DEC's BASIC-Plus-2 ported to VAX/VMS. See HP BASIC for OpenVMS.

DEC, USA

Macro based authoring language in PL/I that produced COURSEWRITER code.

Canada

System for automating the allocation of memory in a M-20 computer operating online with a teletype.

RUS

Variable cell size listprocessing system.

University of Alabama, USA

Extension of the Horn-clause logic in Prolog to the general case.

UK

Visual language.

Extension to CCS which allows parameterized agents and actions, and conditional expressions.

UK

Dataflow language.

Japan

Significant subset of Algol 60, part of META project.

USA

Val's Algol. ALGOL subset. Small scale algebraic compiler written as a test of the META II compiler compiler projects.

USA

Graphical programming dynamic simulation language.

Biomedical Research Associates, USA

Object-oriented programming language with a self-hosting compiler that generates C code and uses the GObject system. Vala is syntactically similar to C#. For developping OOL in the GNOME plateform.

Version two of the Variable Assembly Language.

Unimation Robotics Inc., USA

VHDL Annotation Language.

University of Stanford, USA

Variable Assembly Language. Unimation. Language for industrial robots.

Unimation Robotics Inc., USA

Value-oriented Algorithmic Language. Single assignment language, designed for MIT dataflow machine. Based on CLU, has iteration and error handling, lacking in recursion and I/O.

MIT, USA

Volume 2 language from IAL work rejections.

USA

Visual, object-oriented extension of Promela for the hierarchical modeling of structure and behaviour of concurrent reactive systems.

USA

Code generator for microprogramming systems.

Visual programming language.

New Mexico State University, USA

Vector C. Parallel language based on C. V extends C with a new type construction for vectors.

USA

Wide spectrum language, based on Pascal and translating into LISP. Used in the knowledge-based environment CHI, (the forerunner of Refine).

USA

Viewgraph language.

Bell Labs, USA

University of Washington Basic Interpretive Compiler. Early implementation with extra features of Dartmouth Basic 2. Machine independant BASIC interpretive compiler written in FORTRAN IV for portability.

University of Washington, USA

Specification language for attribute grammars.

Acad Sci Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia

Idealised language proposed by Knuth and commented on by Ledgard and Richard, to get an ideal language.

USA

Universal Translator Oriented Language. Part of a generalised compiling kit to go with UNCOLs and microprogramming machines.

USA

?

University of Texas LISP.

University of Texas, USA

Data manipulation and report generation.

USA

Small systems portable LISP.

BASIC 12 digit precision and matrix operations. MS-DOS port of the Processor Technology 8K BASIC. See Nevada BASIC.

Ellis Computing, USA

Universal Syntax and Semantics Analyzer. Object-oriented state language.

Pyramid, USA

United Steel Statistics.

USA

Algol for the USS 90.

Italy

Information processing language.

Russia

Unified Step Language.

Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp., USA

User System Language. Bellcore UR language.

Bellcore, USA

User Speciality Language. Near-natural query language from IBM germany, close to natural English or German.

IBM, Germany

Originally "UserLand IAC Toolkit", for inter-application communication, incorporated into Frontier, and outline processor.

USA

High-level User RPL. RPL variant. All UserRPL programs are internally represented as SysRPL programs, but use only a safe subset of the available SysRPL commands.

Autocode for the English Electric KDF9.

English Electric, UK

UNIVAC Scientific Exchange (UNIVAC user group) equivalent to the SHARE compiler.

Ramo Woolridge, USA

Prototyping OOL.

USA

UniveRSal Applicative LAnguage. Interpreted functional language with some experimental features, intended mainly for text and numerical applications.

London South Bank University, UK